Cystotomies

The most common reason for a cystotomy is bladder stones.

Bladder stones, also known as urolithiasis, are solid mineral deposits that form inside the bladder of dogs and cats.  These crystals form when a combination of events take place such as when the urine PH changes, increased urine concentration and changes in the mineral make up of urine being formed.  Over time the crystals combine and layer to form bladder stones. Bladder stones can range from 1-2 stones to hundreds.  Some are small grit-like, others can be up to 2 inches in diameter.

Stones often play a part in feline lower urinary tract disease, a condition associated with stress and straining to urinate. Sometimes bladder stones migrate along the urinary tract and become lodged in the urethra.  This puts the pet at a serious risk of a blockage, preventing the pet from urinating. This is considered a medical emergency and will need to be treated as soon as possible.
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Symptoms of bladder stones include straining to urinate, dribbling urine, urinating in unusual places, vocalizing or crying, or frequently licking the vulva or penis.  The urine may have a strong odour and may have mucous or blood present.

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